An adjective is a word that modifies a noun by describing it in some way: shape, color, size, nationality, etc. French adjectives are very different from English adjectives in two ways:
1. French adjectives change to agree in gender and number with the nouns that they modify, which means there can be up to four forms of each adjective:
Adjective: joli (pretty)
Masculine singular-joli
Feminine singular- jolie
Masculine plural- jolis
Feminine plural- jolies
2. In English, adjectives are always found in front of the noun, but most French adjectives follow the noun they modify:
un professeur intelligent - smart teacher
But there are some French adjectives that precede the noun:
un beau garçon - handsome boy
un petit verre - small glass
Observez
1. French adjectives change to agree in gender and number with the nouns that they modify, which means there can be up to four forms of each adjective:
Adjective: joli (pretty)
Masculine singular-joli
Feminine singular- jolie
Masculine plural- jolis
Feminine plural- jolies
2. In English, adjectives are always found in front of the noun, but most French adjectives follow the noun they modify:
To remember that, imagine a Frenchman coming to you and asking with a heavy (and charming) French accent “excuse me, where is the house blue?”.
un livre vert - green bookun professeur intelligent - smart teacher
But there are some French adjectives that precede the noun:
un beau garçon - handsome boy
un petit verre - small glass
Observez
- Je cherche un homme brun et distingué
- Je cherche une femme brune et distinguée
- Charmant appartement (ms) à louer dans passage privé très tranquille
- Charmante villa à vendre, proximité plage (fs) privée, très tranquille
Masculin
|
Féminin
|
Brun
|
Brune
|
Charmant
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Charmante
|
Distingué
|
Distinguée
|
Privé
|
Privée
|
Tranquille
|
Tranquille
|
Rules For Making Adjectives Feminine
a) Masculine adjectives ending with e don't change in the feminine form
b) Generally to form a feminine adjective, e is added to a masculine adjective
Observez
- Affaire exceptionnelle aujourd’hui
- Drapeau européen à prix exceptionnel
- Lampe merveilleuse et pas chère
- Affiche unique de l’union européenne
Merveilleux parapluie pas cher - Vélo neuf à 50%, Télévision neuve à 30%
Masculin
|
Féminin
|
Exceptionnel
|
Exceptionnelle
|
Cher
|
Chère
|
Européen
|
Européenne
|
Merveilleux
|
Merveilleuse
|
Neuf
|
Neuve
|
When an adjective ends with –el, in the feminine form, add -elle
Eg-Masculine singular personnel
Feminine singular personnelle
Masculine plural personnels
Feminine plural personnelles
Feminine singular personnelle
Masculine plural personnels
Feminine plural personnelles
When an adjective ends with –er, in the feminine form, add -ère
Eg-Masculine singular cher
Feminine singular chère
Masculine plural chers
Feminine plural chères
When an adjective ends with –en, in the feminine form, add -enne
Eg-Masculine singular Européen
Feminine singular Européenne
Masculine plural Européens
Feminine plural Européennes
When an adjective ends with –eux, in the feminine form, add -euse
Eg- Masculine singular Merveilleux
Feminine singular Merveilleuse
Masculine plural Merveilleux
Feminine plural Merveilleuses
When an adjective ends with –f, in the feminine form, add -ve
Eg- Masculine singular Neuf
Feminine singular Neuve
Masculine plural Neufs
Feminine plural Neuves
Masculine singular bon
Feminine singular bonne
Masculine plural bons
Feminine plural bonnes
Rules for Making Adjectives Plural
To make an adjective plural, add s
When the default form of the adjective ends in S or X, there is no difference between the masculine singular and plural forms:
Eg-Masculine singular gris
Feminine singular grise
Masculine plural gris
Feminine plural grises
Observez
When the default form of the adjective ends in S or X, there is no difference between the masculine singular and plural forms:
Eg-Masculine singular gris
Feminine singular grise
Masculine plural gris
Feminine plural grises
Observez
- Charles (ms) est grand et élégant. Ses frères (mp) sont également grands et élégants.
- Caroline (fs) est sportive et intelligente. Ses sœurs (fp) ne sont pas du tout sportives mais elles sont très intelligentes.
- Je suis heureux quand tous me amis sont heureux
- Joyeux anniversaire ! Voici un gros cadeau et de gros bisous
Singulier
|
Pluriel
|
grand
|
Grands
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élégant
|
Elégants
|
sportive
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Sportives
|
intelligente
|
Intelligentes
|
heureux
|
Heureux
|
gros
|
Gros
|
Observez
- J’adore son chapeau (ms), il est très original. Il a toujours de vêtements (mp) originaux.
- J’ai un nouveau numéro (ms) de téléphone et de nouveaux voisins
a) Adjectives which end in -al in the singular form, change to aux in the plural
b) Adjectifs which end in –eau in the singular form, change to aux in the plural
Irregular French adjectives
There are several French adjectives which have irregular feminine and plural forms, as well as a special form when they are placed in front of a masculine noun that begins with a vowel or a mute H:
un bel homme - a handsome man
un vieil ami - an old friend
Singular | Plural | ||||
Adjective | masc | vowel/H | fem | masc | fem |
beautiful | beau | bel | belle | beaux | belles |
new | nouveau | nouvel | nouvelle | nouveaux | nouvelles |
crazy | fou | fol | folle | fous | folles |
soft | mou | mol | molle | mous | molles |
old | vieux | vieil | vieille | vieux | vieilles |
Observez
Regarde, sur la photo, mon amie porte une belle robe blanche et un beau manteau blanc. À côté, on voit son grand-père, un vieux monsieur très gentil et sa grand-mère, une vieille dame très gentille aussi.
- Certain adjectives are different in the masculine and feminine form
Masculin
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Féminin
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Blanc
|
Blanche
|
Vieux
|
Vieille
|
Beau
|
Belle
|
Gentil
|
Gentille
|
Placement of Adjectives
Observez
- À qui est ce gros sac noir ? Il est à vous mademoiselle ?
Non, j’ai une vieille valise bleue. Elle est à côté du grand monsieur à la veste grise.
- Qu’est-ce que vous préférez ? Les petites voitures modernes ou les grosses voitures anciennes ?
Je préfère les belles voitures anglaises.
a) Adjectives of color and nationality are places after the noun (no capitals for nationality)
1. Placement after the noun
Most descriptive adjectives are placed after the noun they modify. These normally have an analytical meaning, in that they classify the noun into a certain category. These types of adjectives include shape, color, taste, nationality, religion, social class, and other adjectives that describe things like personality and mood.
Eg-une table ronde - round table
un livre noir - black book
du thé sucré - sweet tea
une femme américaine - American woman
une église catholique - Catholic church
une famille bourgeoise - middle-class family
In addition, present participles and past participles used as adjectives are always placed after the noun.
une histoire intéressante - interesting story
un débat passionné - lively debate
2. Placement before the noun
Certain adjectives are placed before the noun, some which you can memorize with the acronym "BAGS":
B-Beauty
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Beau, Joli
|
A-Age
|
Vieux, Jeune, Nouveau
|
G-Goodness
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Bon, Mauvais, Meilleur, Gentil
|
S-Size
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Petit, Long, Gros, Haut
|
Eg: Une belle femme (a beautiful woman)
Un vieil homme (an old man)
Un gros sandwich (a big sandwich)
Tip: A handful of adjectives that refer to the qualities contained in the BAGS are not placed before the noun. In the category of beauty, exceptions are laid (ugly) and affreux (atrocious);
in age, âgé (old);
and in the category of goodness, méchant (mean).
une maison laide (an ugly house)
des personnes âgées (old people)
un chien méchant (a mean dog)
une jolie fille - pretty girl
un jeune homme - young man
une nouvelle maison - new house
un bon enfant - good child
un petit problème - small problem
les sincères condoléances - sincere condolences
les vagues promesses - vague promises
un gentil garçon - kind boy
In addition, all non-descriptive (i.e., demonstrative, indefinite, interrogative, negative, and possessive) adjectives are placed before the noun:
ces livres - these books
chaque personne - each person
quel stylo ?
- which pen?
aucune femme - no woman
mon enfant - my child
Ordinal adjectives — that is, adjectives that describe the order in which things come, like first, second, last — appear before nouns. Here are some examples:
Le premier jour de la semaine est lundi. (The first day of the week is Monday.)
Nous vivons au vingt-et-unième siècle. (We live in the twenty-first century.)
C’est la deuxième fois qu’il fait une erreur. (It is the second time that he makes a mistake.)
The adjective tout (all, every) precedes not just the noun but also the article + noun. Here are examples for all four forms of tout (masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine plural, and feminine plural):
Elle mange tout le temps. (She eats all the time.)
Il a plu toute la journée. (It rained all day.)
Tu travailles tous les jours. (You work every day.)
Toutes les filles de la classe sont blondes. (All the girls of the class are blond.)
The adjectives autre (other), même (same), tel (such), and faux (false, untrue) also go before nouns. Here are a couple of examples:
Je voudrais voir un autre film. (I’d like to see another movie.)
une fausse sortie (a false exit)
3. Placement depends on meaning
Some adjectives have both a figurative and an analytic (literal) sense and can thus be placed on either side of the noun. When the adjective is figurative, it goes before the noun, and when it's analytic, it goes after the noun.
Figurative: mes vertes années my green (fruitful) years
Literal: des légumes verts green vegetables
Figurative: un grand homme a great man
Literal: un homme grand a tall man
Figurative: un triste individu a sad (mean or bad) person
Literal: un individu triste a sad (crying) person
Figurative: mon ancienne école my old (former) school
Literal: mon école ancienne my old (aged) school
Figurative: un certain regard a certain (type of) look
Literal: une victoire certaine a certain (assured) victory
Figurative: mes vertes années my green (fruitful) years
Literal: des légumes verts green vegetables
Figurative: un grand homme a great man
Literal: un homme grand a tall man
Figurative: un triste individu a sad (mean or bad) person
Literal: un individu triste a sad (crying) person
Figurative: mon ancienne école my old (former) school
Literal: mon école ancienne my old (aged) school
Figurative: un certain regard a certain (type of) look
Literal: une victoire certaine a certain (assured) victory
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