Interrogation

There are four ways of forming French interrogatives.

Do you speak French?

• Vous parlez français?

All that changes here is raising of the voice at the end of a statement. When speaking, intonation is incredibly important, so in this case just changing the tone of your voice indicates a question. This is one of the simplest ways to make a question. However it is ONLY used when speaking

• Parlez-vous français?

Another common question form is to invert the verb (parlez) and the subject (vous), as in parlez-vous?

A hyphen is used between the verb and the subject.

An extra –t- is added between the verb and the pronoun when the verb ends in an -a or -e.

e.g. Parle-t-elle français? - Does she speak French?

Also, in the plural, the t must be pronounced:

Parlent-ils français? - Do they speak French?

(Normally, the –ent would be silent, but in the inverted question form, the t is pronounced).

In the simple past tense (passé compose), it is the avoir or être verb that is inverted, not the past participle.

e.g.

A-t-il habité en France? - Did he live in France? 

As-tu reçu la lettre? - Did you receive the letter?

• Est-ce que vous parlez français?

Est-ce que is a phrase used in front of a sentence to make it a question, the same way we use “Do” in English. Note the word order stays as normal.

• Vous parlez français, n’est-ce pas?

Add the tag n'est-ce pas? to the end of the sentence. It is like the negative - isn't it?, doesn't it? in English.

French Interrogative vocabulary - using question words. 

You can also ask questions by using French interrogative adverbs. Remember to invert the verb and the subject:

Où - Where? 

Où est la bibliothèque? - Where is the library?

Quand? - When? 

Quand as-tu reçu la lettre? - When did you receive the letter?

Comment? - How? 

Comment voyage-t-elle aux Etats-Unis? - How is she going to travel to the U.S.?

Pourquoi? - Why? 

Pourquoi est-ce qu’il pleure? - Why is he crying?

Combien? - How much? 

Combien coûte-t-il? - How much does it cost?

Combien de? - How many? 

Combien d’enfants avez-vous? - How many children do you have?

Que? / Qu'est-ce que? = What? (as the subject) 

Que as-tu fait? / Qu'est-ce que tu as fait? - What have you done?

Quel (m.sing.)/Quels (m.pl.)/Quelle (f.sing.)/Quelle (f.pl.) + noun - What? Which? 

Note that quel agrees in gender and number with the noun that follows it. 

e.g.

Quel docteur? - What/which doctor? 

Quelle voiture? - What/which car?

Qui? / Qui est-ce qui? - Who? 

Qui a dit cela? / Qui est-ce qui a dit cela? - Who said that?

Qui? / Qui est-ce que? - Whom 

Qui as-tu vu? / Qui est-ce que tu as vu? - Whom did you see?

All of these interrogative adverbs can be used to ask questions with either est-ce que or inversion.

   Quand manges-tu ? Quand est-ce que tu manges ?

   When do you eat?

   Combien de livres veut-il ? Combien de livres est-ce qu'il veut ?

   How many books does he want?

   Où habite-t-elle ? Où est-ce qu'elle habite ?

   Where does she live?

They can be used in indirect questions:

   Dis-moi quand tu manges.

   Tell me when you eat.

   Je ne sais pas combien de livres il veut.

   I don't know how many books he wants.

   J'ai oublié où elle habite.

   I've forgotten where she lives.

Comment, où, and quand can also be used with n'importe.

   Tu peux manger n'importe quand.

   You can eat whenever / any time.

In literature or other formal French, you might see an additional interrogative adverb: que, meaning "why":

   Qu'avais-tu besoin de lui en parler ?

   Why did you have to go and talk to him about it?

   Olivier et Roland, que n'êtes-vous ici ? (Victor Hugo)

   Olivier and Roland, why aren't you here?

Source

http://www.learn-french-help.com/french-interrogatives.html

https://www.thoughtco.com/french-interrogative-adverbs-1368800?_ga=2.182284576.643170086.1496816867-1700346625.1468207072

Interrogative Adjectives- Laura K. Lawless

Sometimes French grammar is much stricter than English grammar. A simple question like "What book do you want?" is technically incorrect, because in proper English, the question should be "Which book do you want?" In reality, the former is much more common than the latter.

In French, however, one does not have this option: the French equivalent of which,quel, must be used whenever there is more than one noun that you are choosing between.

Like all French adjectives, quel has to agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies - see the table at the end of this lesson.

The uses of quel are fairly straightforward - you need it whenever you want to ask for specific information about a noun:

   Pierre m'a prêté un livre. Quel livre ?
   Pierre loaned me a book. Which book?

   Nous devons partir avant midi. Quelle heure est-il ?
   We have to leave before noon. What time is it?

Questions with quel may be asked with est-ce que or inversion:

   Quel livre veux-tu ? / Quel livre est-ce que tu veux ?
   What book do you want?

   Quelles pommes aime-t-il ? / Quelles pommes est-ce qu'il aime ?
   Which apples does he like?

Quel + noun may be preceded by a preposition:

   À quelle heure veux-tu partir ? / À quelle heure est-ce que tu veux partir ?
   What time do you want to leave?

   De quels livres parle-t-il ? / De quels livres est-ce qu'il parle ?

   What books is he talking about?

To ask "what is ...?" or "what are ...?" use quel plus the appropriate conjugation ofêtre:

   Quel est le problème ?
   What's the problem?

   Quelles sont les différences ?
   What are the differences?

French Interrogative Adjectives
	Singular	Plural
Masculine	quel	quels
Feminine	quelle	quelles

Source

https://www.thoughtco.com/french-interrogative-adjectives-1368795

Possessive Adjectives- Laura K. Lawless

	Singular				Plural
English	Masculine	Feminine	Before vowel
my	mon	ma	mon		mes
your (tu form)	ton	ta	ton		tes
his, her, its	son	sa	son		ses
our	notre	notre	notre		nos
your (vous form)	votre	votre	votre		vos
their	leur	leur	leur		leurs

1. In French grammar, there are many more possessives than English, because there are different forms not only for the person and number, but sometimes also the gender and the first letter of the thing possessed.

2. When describing two or more nouns in French, a possessive adjective must be used in front of each one:

   son frère et sa sœur
   his brother and sister

   ma tante et mon oncle
   my aunt and uncle

3. The possessive adjective is almost never used with body parts in French. You can't say "my hand" or "my hair." Instead, the French use pronominal verbs to show possession with body parts:

   Je me suis cassé la jambe.
   I broke my leg (literally, I broke the leg of myself).

   Il se lave les cheveux.
   He's washing his hair (literally, He's washing the hair of himself).

In French grammar, there are three forms of the possessive for each singular person (I, you, he/she/it). The gender, number, and first letter of the noun possessed determine which form to use.

MY  

   mon (masculine singular) mon stylo > my pen
   ma (feminine singular) ma montre > my watch
   mes (plural) mes livres > my books

When a feminine noun begins with a vowel, the masculine possessive adjective is used, to avoid saying ma amie, which would break the flow of speech.

In this case, the possessive's final consonant is pronounced (the "n" in the example below) to achieve fluid pronunciation.

   mon amie - my (female) friend

YOUR (TU  FORM)

   ton (masculine singular)  ton stylo > your pen
   ta (feminine singular)  ta montre > your watch
   tes (plural)  tes livres > your books

When a feminine noun begins with a vowel, the masculine possessive adjective is used:

   ton amie - your (female) friend

Lesson: tu vs. vous

HIS / HER / ITS

   son (masculine singular)  son stylo > his, her, its pen
   sa (feminine singular)  sa montre > his, her, its watch
   ses (plural)  ses livres > his, her, its books

When a feminine noun begins with a vowel, the masculine possessive adjective is used:

   son amie - his, her, its (female) friend

Note: An important difference between French and English is that in French it is the gender of the noun that determines which form to use, not the gender of the subject.

A man would say mon livre when talking about a book, and a woman would also say mon livre. The book is masculine, and therefore so is the possessive adjective, no matter who the book belongs to. Likewise, both men and women would say ma maison, because "house" is feminine in French. It doesn't matter whether the owner of the house is male or female.

This difference between English and French possessive adjectives can be particularly confusing when talking about him/her/it. Son, sa, and ses can each mean his, her, or its depending on the context. For example, son lit can mean his bed, her bed, or its bed (for example, the dog's). If you need to stress the gender of the person the item belongs to, you can use à lui ("belonging to him") or à elle("belonging to her"):

   C'est son livre, à elle.  It's her book.

   Voici sa monnaie, à lui.  Here's his change.
 

For plural subjects (we, you, and they), French possessive adjectives are far simpler. There are only two forms for each grammatical person: singular and plural.

OUR

   notre (singular)  notre stylo > our pen
   nos (plural)  nos montres > our watches

YOUR (VOUS  FORM)

  votre (singular)  votre stylo > your pen
   vos (plural)  vos montres > your watches

Lesson: Tu vs. vous

THEIR

   leur (singular)  leur stylo > their pen
   leurs (plural)  leurs montres > their watches
 

Source-

https://www.thoughtco.com/french-possessive-adjectives-1368798

Demonstrative Adjectives- Laura K. Lawless

English	Masculine	Masc before vowel	Feminine
this, that	ce	cet	cette
these, those	ces	ces	ces

Demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate a specific noun or nouns. In French, they must agree with the noun(s) in number and sometimes gender.

Par exemple…

Ce livre est très bon. This/That book is really good.

Je vais acheter ces chaises.

I’m going to buy these/those chairs.

Characteristics of demonstrative adjectives

1. Used in place of an article (not with an article)

2. Placed directly in front of a noun or an adjective + noun

3. Agree with the demonstrated noun in number and sometimes gender

4. Demonstrative adjective + noun can be replaced by a demonstrative pronoun

There are three singular adjectives:

1. Masculine: ce

2. Masculine in front of a vowel: cet

3. Feminine: cette

When a singular demonstrative adjective precedes a masculine noun or adjective that begins

with a vowel or h muet, cet is used to avoid a hiatus.

Par exemple…

cet homme this/that man

cet ancien château this/that former château

There is only one plural demonstrative adjective: ces.

Cettes does not exist, and neither does cets.

Par exemple…

ces femmes these/those women

ces hommes these/those men

French vs English

French demonstrative pronouns make no distinction between "this" and "that" – ce, cet, and cette can

each mean either one. Likewise, ces can mean "these" or "those." When you need to make the

distinction, you can attach a suffix to the noun:

–ci = "this" or "these"

–là = "that" or "those"

Par exemple…

cette chaise-ci this chair

ces chaises-là those chairs

Je vais à cet hôtel-ci, pas à cette maison-là. I’m going to this hotel, not that house.

When Do You Use French Capitalization? Laura K. Lawless

French and English capitalization are quite different, as it is much less common in French. Many words that must be capitalized in English cannot be in French, so read through this lesson to make sure that you're not over-capitalizing your French. Also, find an answer to the debate about whether French capital letters can/should/must be accented.

WORDS THAT ARE CAPITALIZED IN ENGLISH BUT NOT IN FRENCH:

1.	First person singular subject pronoun (lesson), unless it's at the beginning of the sentence.
	He said, "I love you."			Il a dit « je t'aime ».
	Je suis prêt.			I'm ready.
2.	Days of the week, months of the year (lesson)
	Monday, Tuesday...			lundi, mardi...
	January, February...			janvier, février...
3.	Geographical words
	Molière Street			rue Molière
	Victor Hugo Ave.			av. Victor Hugo
	Pacific Ocean			l'océan Pacifique
	Mediterranean Sea			la mer Méditerranée
	Mont Blanc			le mont Blanc
4.	Languages (list of languages)
	French, English, Russian			le français, l'anglais, le russe
5.	Nationalities (list of nationalities) French adjectives that refer to nationalities are not capitalized, but proper nouns are.
	I'm American.			Je suis américain.
	He bought a French flag.			Il a acheté un drapeau français.
	She married a Spaniard.			Elle s'est mariée avec un Espagnol.
	I saw an Australian.			J'ai vu un Australien.
6.	Religions The names of most religions, their adjectives, and their adherents (proper nouns) are not capitalized in French.
Religion			Adjective		Proper Noun
	Christianity	le christianisme	Christian	chrétien	Christian	un chrétien
	Judaism	le judaïsme	Jewish	juif	Jew	un juif
	Hinduism	le hindouisme	Hindu	hindou	Hindu	*
	Buddhism	le bouddhisme	Buddhist	bouddhiste	Buddhist	*
	Islam	*	Muslim	musulman	Muslim	un musulman
*Exceptions			a Hindu - un Hindou a Buddhist - un Bouddhiste Islam - l'Islam

by Laura K. Lawless